RESUMEN El mercurio es un metal tóxico que puede atravesar la placenta y la barrera hematoencefálica, y causar la interrupción de varios procesos celulares. Estudios han investigado la exposición al mercurio y trastornos en el neurodesarrollo, por lo que se requiere un análisis crítico y riguroso de esta evidencia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio durante las etapas prenatal y posnatal, y su relación con el desarrollo de trastornos neuroconductuales. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos MEDLINE y ScienceDirect; los resultados se presentaron a través de tablas y síntesis narrativa. Solo 31 estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. En general, la evidencia es limitada sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio y trastornos del neurodesarrollo en niños. Entre los posibles efectos reportados, se hallan problemas en el aprendizaje, autismo y trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is highly prevalent in Mexico, as 10.2% of the adult population harbors this condition. T2DM is usually associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, including arrhythmias. Metabolic impairment is one of the mechanisms that contribute to tissue remodeling that affects atrial structure, and concomitant, the cardiac conduction system, both could result in atrial fibrillation (AF). AF is estimated to affect more than a half million Mexicans, and its incidence is expected to keep rising. According to national registries, T2DM is present in 28.4% of Mexican patients with AF and the coexistence of both diseases is associated with a higher risk of stroke. In clinical practice, the CHA2DS2-VASc risk score is useful for stroke risk stratification in patients with AF to facilitate the adequate use of anticoagulation therapy. T2DM is among the items of the CHA2DS2-VASc score because it correlates with an intrinsic prothrombotic state. In this narrative review, we present information that highlights the need for optimal glucose control and adequate anticoagulation in subjects with T2DM and AF.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the risk of post-vasectomy infections in various settings and across various surgical techniques and sanitization practices. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of the records of 133,044 vasectomized patients from four large practices/network of practices using the no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) technique in Canada (2011-2021), Colombia (2015-2020), New Zealand (2018-2021), and the United Kingdom (2006-2019). We defined infection as any mention in medical records of any antibiotics prescribed for a genital or urinary condition following vasectomy. Results: Post-vasectomy infection risks were 0.8% (219 infections/26,809 procedures), 2.1% (390/18,490), 1.0% (100/10,506), and 1.3% (1,007/77,239) in Canada, Colombia, New Zealand, and the UK, respectively. Audit period comparison suggests a limited effect on the risk of infection of excising a short vas segment, applying topical antibiotic on scrotal opening, wearing a surgical mask in Canada, type of skin disinfectant, and use of non-sterile gloves in New Zealand. Risk of infection was lower in Colombia when mucosal cautery and fascial interposition [FI] were used for vas occlusion compared to ligation, excision, and FI (0.9% vs. 2.1%, p<0.00001). Low level of infection certainty in 56% to 60% of patients who received antibiotics indicates that the true risk might be overestimated. Lack of information in medical records and patients not consulting their vasectomy providers might have led to underestimation of the risk. Conclusion: Risk of infection after vasectomy is low, about 1%, among international high-volume vasectomy practices performing NSV and various occlusion techniques. Apart from vasectomy occlusion technique, no other factor modified the risk of post-vasectomy infection.

ABSTRACT The concern over the quality of life, well-being and mental health of the elderly has been evident in the literature, where the regular practice of physical exercise plays a crucial role, particularly considering the demographic ageing of the population. The purpose of this study was to characterise the subjective well-being levels (life satisfaction and positive and negative affect), quality of life, and depressive and anxious symptomology in a sample of Portuguese elders. A comparative analysis of the variables according to the weekly frequency of physical exercise practice was also performed. The associations between the variables were also analysed. A total of 92 Portuguese elders (76,55± 9.73 years) were enrolled in the present study. The Portuguese versions of “SWLS”, “PANAS”, “HADS”, and “EUROHIS-QOL-8” were used. The main results showed the existence of significant differences in the variable positive affect (p= 0,01) (elders without physical exercise practice had lower values) and for the variable depressive symptomology (p= 0,01) (elders with a higher frequency of physical exercise practice had lower depressive symptomology). Furthermore, it is noteworthy the correlation between the studied variables (well-being, quality of life, and depressive and anxious symptomology). Subsequently, this study represents an important contribution to the comprehension of the role of regular physical exercise practice, not just for the physical health of the elderly but also for their well-being and depressive and anxious symptomology.

RESUMO A preocupação com a qualidade de vida, bem-estar e saúde mental dos idosos tem sido evidente na literatura, assumindo a prática regular de exercício físico um papel fundamental na sua promoção, especialmente tendo em conta o envelhecimento demográfico a que temos assistido. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os níveis de bem-estar subjetivo (satisfação com a vida e afeto positivo e negativo), qualidade de vida e sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa numa amostra de idosos portugueses, incluindo uma análise comparativa destas variáveis em função da frequência semanal de prática de Exercício Físico. Foram ainda analisadas as associações entre as variáveis. Para tal, recorreu-se a uma amostra de 92 idosos portugueses (76,55± 9.73 anos), 26 (28,3%) do sexo masculino e 66 (71,7%) do sexo feminino. Foram utilizadas as versões portuguesas da “SWLS”, do “PANAS”, bem da “HADS” e da “EUROHIS-QOL-8”. Os principais resultados revelaram a existência de diferenças significativas na variável afeto positivo (p= 0,01) (idosos que não praticavam exercício físico com valores mais reduzidos) e na variável sintomatologia depressiva (p= 0,01) (idosos com maior frequência de prática de exercício físico com menor sintomatologia depressiva). Destacam-se ainda as associações entre as variáveis em estudo (bem-estar, qualidade de vida e sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa). Este estudo parece assim dar um importante contributo na compreensão do papel da prática regular de exercício físico, não apenas para a saúde física do idoso, mas também para o seu bem-estar e sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa.

Resumen Introducción: La dermatoporosis es un síndrome crónico de fragilidad cutánea, caracterizado por atrofia, púrpura y pseudocicatrices en piel. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a dermatoporosis en una muestra de sujetos ≥ 60 años. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y analítico de sujetos ≥ 60 años a quienes se realizó historia clínica, exploración física y aplicación de un autocuestionario diagnóstico de dermatoporosis. Para determinar los factores asociados se realizó análisis de regresión logística multivariado. Resultados: En 315 sujetos, la prevalencia de dermatoporosis fue de 29 %; 70 % fue del sexo femenino. Los factores asociados fueron edad > 75 años (p = 0.001), exposición solar prolongada (p = 0.002), ingesta de anticoagulantes/antiplaquetarios (p = 0.004), esteroides orales (p = 0.03) y enfermedad renal crónica (p = 0.03); así como, edad materna > 40 años en el último parto (p = 0.02), lactancia > 7 meses por embarazo y lactancia acumulada > 18 meses (p = 0.01). Se relacionaron con su ausencia, edad < 20 años en el primer embarazo y menopausia después de los 45 años. La correlación entre la autovaloración y el diagnóstico clínico fue muy alta (0.95, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo asociados a dermatoporosis fueron similares a los previamente reportados.

Abstract Introduction: Dermatoporosis is a chronic cutaneous fragility syndrome, characterized by skin atrophy, purpura and pseudo-cicatrices. Objective: To determine factors associated with dermatoporosis in a sample of subjects aged ≥ 60 years. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study of subjects aged ≥ 60 years who underwent history taking, physical examination and application of a self-administered dermatoporosis diagnostic questionnaire. To determine the associated factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. Results: In 315 evaluated subjects, the prevalence of dermatoporosis was 29%; 70% were females. Associated risk factors were age > 75 years (p = 0.001), prolonged sun exposure (p = 0.002), use of anticoagulants/antiplatelet medications (p = 0.004), oral steroids (p = 0.03) and chronic kidney disease (p = 0.03); as well maternal age > 40 years at last pregnancy (p = 0.02), breastfeeding for > 7 months per pregnancy and > 18 cumulative months (p = 0.01). Age < 20 years at first pregnancy and menopause after 45 years were related to dermatoporosis absence. The correlation between self-assessment and clinical diagnosis was considerably high (0.95, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The risk factors associated with dermatoporosis were similar to those previously reported.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Patient safety is the reduction of risk in the presentation of injury, disability or death during health care. The complexity of health systems, the work environment, the patient's own situations and the hospital infrastructure predispose to the occurrence of adverse events (AE). Objective: To determine the relationship between patient safety culture, hours worked per week and the incidents in the last year of the nursing staff of a second level public hospital in the city of Saltillo, Coahuila. Methods: Descriptive correlational, sample of 113 nurses. Collection through a digital link, for the nursing staff that met the inclusion criteria. A social and labor data questionnaire and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument were applied. The analysis was based on descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The patient safety culture lacks strength in most of the dimensions, with opportunities for improvement: management expectations and actions (60.8%), organizational learning (68.1%), feedback and communication about errors (58.9%) and only teamwork refers strength (76.3%). Lower scoring dimensions: openness in communication (42.4%), management support 42.7%, staffing 37.8 and non-punitive response to errors 35.9%. Conclusions: It is important to take this information into account so that strategies can be planted and developed to provide safe hospital care. Management action is important in the continuity of patient safety actions.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La seguridad del paciente es la disminución del riesgo en la presentación de lesiones, incapacidad o muerte en el cuidado asistencial. La complejidad de los sistemas de salud, el entorno laboral, las situaciones propias del paciente, la infraestructura de los hospitales predispone la presentación de eventos adversos (EA). Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre cultura de seguridad del paciente, las horas por semana trabajadas y los incidentes en el último año del personal de enfermería de un hospital público de segundo nivel de atención de la ciudad de Saltillo, Coahuila. Métodos: Descriptivo correlacional, muestra de 113 enfermeras (os). Recolección a través de un enlace digital, para el personal de enfermería que cumpla con los criterios de inclusión. Se aplicó cédula de datos sociolaborales y el instrumento Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. El análisis fue con estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: La cultura de seguridad del paciente en la mayoría de las dimensiones carece de fortaleza, con oportunidad de mejora: expectativas y acciones de la dirección (60.8%), aprendizaje organizacional (68.1%), feed-back y comunicación sobre errores (58.9%) y solo el trabajo en equipo refiere fortaleza (76.3%). Dimensiones con menor puntuación: franqueza en la comunicación (42.4%), apoyo a la gerencia 42.7%, dotación de personal 37.8 y la respuesta no punitiva a los errores 35.9%. Conclusiones: Es importante tomar en cuenta esta información para que se planten y se desarrollen estrategias que permitan ofrecer una atención hospitalaria segura. La acción gerencial es importante en la continuidad de acciones de seguridad del paciente.

Resumen Introducción: La obstrucción intestinal por ingesta accidental de cuerpos extraños se presenta muy rara vez en la edad pediátrica debido a que del 80 al 90% de los objetos pueden pasar libremente por el tracto gastrointestinal. Caso clínico: Se aborda el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 1 año 2 meses quien presentó obstrucción intestinal debido a la ingesta de esferas de hidrogel (poliacrilato de sodio). Dichas esferas, que son utilizadas como juguetes didácticos o sensoriales, aumentan de 200 a 400 veces su tamaño inicial mediante la absorción de agua. Se realizó radiografía abdominal en proyección decúbito supino, donde llamó la atención el hallazgo de defecto de llenado redondeado en asa de flanco derecho, ya que las esferas de hidrogel son radiolúcidas. El diagnóstico se estableció mediante ultrasonido abdominal, donde se reportó líquido libre peritoneal con datos de suboclusión por cuerpos extraños a nivel intestinal. Se indicó tratamiento conservador, encontrando persistencia de aumento de perímetro abdominal. Se realizó enterotomía y se encontraron las esferas impactadas a 30 centímetros de la válvula ileocecal. Conclusiones: Las esferas de hidrogel son peligrosas para la población pediátrica. La evolución de la paciente fue favorable debido al conocimiento del objeto extraño ingerido. Sobresale la conducta expectante que se tuvo que desempeñar debido a que se desconocía el crecimiento de las esferas y en qué momento no podrían continuar su paso por el tracto gastrointestinal.

Abstract Background: Bowel obstruction due to accidental ingestion of foreign objects occurs rarely in children because 80 to 90% of the objects can pass freely through the gastrointestinal tract. Case report: We report a case of a 14-month-old infant who presented bowel obstruction caused by the ingestion of hydrogel beads (sodium polyacrylate). Hydrogel beads are used as sensory and didactic toys that can increase their initial size 200 to 400 times by liquid absorption. An abdominal X-ray was perfomed in anteroposterior supine projection, where a round filling defect at the loop of the right flank was detected; this came to our attention because hydrogel beads are usually radiolucent. The diagnosis was established by abdominal ultrasound where free intraperitoneal fluid was reported with data of small bowel pseudo-obstruction by foreign objects. Conservative treatment was prescribed, finding persistence of increased abdominal perimeter, so an enterotomy was performed for their removal; finding impacted hydrogel beads 30 centimeters from the ileocecal valve. Conclusions: Hydrogel beads are dangerous for the pediatric population. The evolution of the patient was favorable thanks to the knowledge of the foreign objects ingested. The expectant behavior that had to be executed, stands out because we had no knowledge as to the maximum size of the hydrogel in the gastrointestinal tract.

ABSTRACT During pregnancy, parents experiment emotions, thoughts, and behaviors related to their unborn child as precursors of attachment in the caretaker-infant dyad. The Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS) is an instrument that has shown adequate psychometric properties to evaluate this construct in developed countries. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and concurrent validity of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale-Spanish version for Mexican women (MAAS-Spanish version). A sample of 142 women in their third trimester of pregnancy who received care in a tertiary hospital was selected. The full scale of the MAAS-Spanish version obtained a Cronbach alpha of .79. A significant negative correlation was found between the global MAAS-Spanish version score (r = -.23, p ≤ .01) and the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised and depressive symptoms (r = -.36 , p ≤ .01). The translated and adapted scale has adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity to measure this construct in this population.

RESUMEN Durante el embarazo, los padres experimentan emociones, pensamientos e ideas sobre su nonato relevantes en el estudio de precursores del apego en la díada cuidador-infante. La Escala de Apego Prenatal Materno (MAAS) es un instrumento que ha mostrado adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar este constructo en países desarrollados. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad y validez concurrente de dicha escala—versión en español para mujeres mexicanas (MAAS—versión en español). Se seleccionó a una muestra de 142 mujeres en tercer trimestre gestacional, que recibían atención en un hospital de tercer nivel. La escala total obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de .79. Se evidenció una correlación negativa significativa de la puntuación global de la MAAS de r = -.23, (p ≤ .01) con la PDPI-R y de r = -.36, (p ≤ .01) con la sintomatología depresiva (EPDS). La escala traducida cuenta con una consistencia interna y validez concurrente adecuadas para medir este constructo en esta población.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las variables personales, familiares e institucionales con el desempeño en las pruebas SABER PRO del periodo 2016 a 2019 de los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad del Magdalena (Colombia). Metodología: Estudio de tipo descriptivo, correlacional. Se realizó el análisis de los puntajes objetivos en los módulos genéricos y específicos de las pruebas SABER PRO, extrayendo los puntajes de los estudiantes de la carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad del Magdalena. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo e inferencial utilizando el programa Infostat/L. Resultados: El desempeño en los distintos módulos de las pruebas SABER PRO se encontró asociado a variables personales como la menor edad, género masculino y área de residencia rural; variables familiares como el acceso a servicio de televisión por cable, la tenencia de computadora y de consola de videojuegos, residir en un hogar permanente y no tener personas a cargo y variables institucionales como el valor intermedio de la matrícula y la tenencia de becas. Conclusiones: Se identificaron variables personales, familiares e institucionales que se relacionan con un mejor desempeño en las pruebas de estado. Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia de considerar múltiples factores tanto individuales como contextuales al abordar la mejora de los resultados académicos y la equidad educativa. Se sugiere que las políticas y programas educativos deberían dirigirse hacia la reducción de las brechas existentes en relación con estas variables, proporcionando un acceso equitativo a recursos y oportunidades de aprendizaje para todos los estudiantes.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the relationship between personal, family, and institutional variables with the performance in the SABER PRO tests from 2016 to 2019 of nursing students at the Universidad del Magdalena (Colombia). Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. The analysis of the scores obtained in the generic and specific modules of the SABER PRO tests of the nursing students of the Universidad del Magdalena was carried out. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using Infostat/L software. Results: The performance in the different modules of the SABER PRO tests was found to be associated with personal variables such as younger age, male gender, and rural residence; family variables such as access to cable television service, ownership of a computer and video game console, residence in a permanent home and no dependents; and institutional variables such as the mean value of tuition fees and scholarships. Conclusions: Personal, family, and institutional variables were identified that are associated with better performance on state tests. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple individual and contextual factors, when addressing academic achievement and educational equity. It is suggested that educational policies and programs should be designed to reduce existing gaps in these variables and provide equitable access to resources and learning opportunities for all students.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre variáveis pessoais, familiares e institucionais com o desempenho nas provas SABER PRO de 2016 a 2019 de estudantes de enfermagem da Universidade de Magdalena (Colômbia). Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, correlacional. Foi realizada a análise das pontuações objetivas nos módulos genéricos e específicos dos testes SABER PRO, extraindo as pontuações dos estudantes do curso de Enfermagem da Universidade de Magdalena. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e inferencial por meio do programa Infostat/L. Resultados: Verificou-se que o desempenho nos diferentes módulos dos testes do SABER PRO está associado a variáveis pessoais como ser mais jovem, do sexo masculino e residir em área rural; variáveis familiares, como acesso ao serviço de televisão a cabo, posse de computador e console de videogame, residência em casa própria e não ter dependentes, e variáveis institucionais, como o valor intermediário da matrícula e ter bolsas de estudo. Conclusões: Foram identificadas variáveis pessoais, familiares e institucionais que estão relacionadas com um melhor desempenho nos testes estaduais. Esses achados destacam a importância de considerar múltiplos fatores, tanto individuais quanto contextuais, ao abordar a melhoria dos resultados acadêmicos e a equidade educacional. Sugere-se que as políticas e programas educacionais sejam direcionados para reduzir as lacunas existentes em relação a essas variáveis, proporcionando acesso equitativo a recursos e oportunidades de aprendizagem para todos os alunos.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o estado da arte da Matemática Educacional na formação matemática de engenheiros. Configurou-se um método empírico que permitiu limitar a revisão a 132 artigos abrangendo o período de 1968 a 2020. Os resultados mostraram onze temas, destacando que 70,5% dos artigos abordam o ensino e a aprendizagem da matemática nas Ciências Básicas. Os resultados mostram o seguinte: a formação dos engenheiros articula tanto as diversas matemáticas como o conhecimento disciplinar em questão; a profissionalização do professor de matemática que forma engenheiros é um aspecto pendente; e fazer pesquisas dentro e fora da escola é essencial para identificar outros significados da matemática que o engenheiro necessita para seu desempenho.

Abstract This research sought to gain insight into the state of art of mathematics education in the mathematical education of engineers. An empirical method was developed to confine the review to 132 articles from 1968 to 2020. The results yielded eleven themes, with 70.5% of articles dealing with teaching and learning mathematics in basic sciences. The findings show that engineer education involves different types of mathematics and disciplinary knowledge working in coordination; the professional development of mathematics teachers who train engineers remains a pending issue; and research both in and out of schools is essential to identify other meanings of mathematics needed by engineers to perform better.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado del arte de la Matemática Educativa en la formación matemática de ingenieros. Se configuró un método empírico que permitió delimitar la revisión a 132 artículos que cubren el período de 1968 a 2020. Los resultados mostraron once temáticas, destaca que el 70.5% de los artículos atiende la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la matemática en Ciencias Básicas. Los resultados evidencian lo siguiente: la formación de ingenieros articula tanto varias matemáticas como el conocimiento disciplinar en cuestión; la profesionalización del profesor de matemáticas que forma ingenieros es un aspecto pendiente; y hacer investigación en y fuera de la escuela es indispensable para identificar otros significados de la matemática que el ingeniero requiere para su desempeño.

Abstract This article utilizes ethnographic-collaborative and testimonial exploration of the notion of the joke [woods or virgin forest] to analyze how the Pijao people of the San Antonio de Calarma Indigenous Reserve (Tolima, Colombia) respond to the colonialist dynamics of capitalism related to territory. Historically, the municipality of San Antonio was part of the coffee colonization process in Colombia in the mid-nineteenth century, and was consequently a territory-region affected by the logic of capitalism. Within this context, the Pijao people of Tolima carry out different actions of re-existence, which in the case of the reservation materialize in the process of recovering Ima (how the Pijao refer to Mother Earth). One being present in the Pijao territory is the joke, a territorial actor with its own defining characteristics and forms of agency that is part of the Pijao’s territorial order through a relational system based on reciprocity.

Resumen A través de la exploración etnográfica-colaborativa y testimonial del concepto de joke (‘monte o selva virgen’), se analiza cómo los indígenas Pijaos del Resguardo Indígena San Antonio de Calarma (Tolima, Colombia) hacen frente a las dinámicas colonialistas del capitalismo relacionadas con el territorio. Históricamente el municipio de San Antonio hizo parte del proceso de colonización cafetera que se dio en Colombia desde mediados del siglo XIX, por lo cual es un territorio-región intervenido por las lógicas del capitalismo. En este contexto, el pueblo Pijao del Tolima realiza diferentes acciones de re-existencia que, para el caso del resguardo, se concreta en el proceso de recuperación de Ima (la Madre tierra Pijao). Uno de esos seres que hace presencia en el territorio Pijao es el joke, un actante territorial con características constituyentes y formas de agenciamiento propias, que participa en el ordenamiento territorial pijao a través de un sistema relacional sustentado en la lógica de la reciprocidad.

Abstract Objective: Describe the device-associated infections in the NICUs in Cali - Colombia, a middle-income country, between August 2016 to December 2018. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study evaluating reports of device-associated infections in 10 NICUs in Cali, Colombia, between August 2016 and December 2018. Socio-demographic and microbiological data were obtained from the National Public Health surveillance system, through a specialized notification sheet. The relationship of device-associated infections with several outcomes including birth weight, microorganisms, and mortality was evaluated using OR Cl95%, using the logistic regression model. Data processing was performed using the statistical program STATA 16. Results: 226 device-associated infections were reported. The rate of infection with central line-associated bloodstream infections was 2.62 per 1000 days of device use and 2.32 per 1000 days for ventilator-associated pneumonia. This was higher in neonates under 1000 g; 4.59 and 4.10, respectively. 43.4% of the infections were due to gram-negative bacteria and 42.3% were due to gram-positive bacteria. Time from hospitalization to diagnosis of all device-associated infections had a median of 14 days. When compared by weight, infants with a weight lower than 1000 g had a greater chance of death (OR 3.61; 95% CI 1.53-8.49, p = 0.03). Infection by gram-negative bacteria was associated with a greater chance of dying (OR 3.06 CI 95 1.33-7.06, p = 0.008). Conclusions: These results highlight the need to maintain epidemiological surveillance processes in neonatal intensive care units, especially when medical devices are used.

Abstract Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) is one of the most problematic weed species in rice fields in Colombia. Herbicides inhibitors of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) have been widely used to control junglerice and other grass species. ALS inhibitors have the highest reports of resistance worldwide, and Colombia has recent reports of ALS resistance in E. colona. The timely and accurate detection of resistance sources is imperative for mitigating and managing herbicide resistance. However, for E. colona there are no published sequences of the ALS gene. In this research, primer design, RNA extraction, cloning, miniprep, and PCR were used to obtain the first partial sequence of the ALS gene on susceptible and resistant accessions of E. colona. The sequences did not present nucleotide differences that could be associated with target-site resistance to ALS inhibitors. Echinochloa (ALS worldwide E However research design extraction cloning miniprep targetsite target site

ABSTRACT Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic posed challenges for health systems in terms of providing continuity of patient care through the rapid adoption of telehealth. This brought challenges for professionals who dealt with information and communication technologies. Objectives: To identify knowledge, skills, attitudes, and practices of health professionals who used telehealth in the outpatient setting during the pandemic and to analyze possible factors related to the barriers that professionals present to effectively implement telehealth services. Methods: This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was used on health professionals from three medical centers in Colombia. Results: Four hundred thirty (430) surveys were used. The median age was 39 years and 79% were women. 57% had not been trained in technical, regulatory and ethical aspects of telehealth; 46% reported difficulty managing time; 81% reported an increase in their workload. The difficulty in using technological tools was associated 4.67 times more with the perception of alteration of their own state of health; however, 92% said they would continue to use telehealth. Conclusions: The attitude towards the use of telehealth was positive; knowledge, skills, and training in telehealth seem to determine its acceptability. This is a first evaluation that reveals the points to work on in the case of professionals, based on the permanence of telehealth as a tool for patient care.

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2 estableció desafíos para los sistemas de salud en función de dar continuidad a la atención de los pacientes por medio de la rápida adopción de la telesalud. Esto conllevó retos para los profesionales que se enfrentaron a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Objetivos: Identificar conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de la salud que emplearon la telesalud en el ámbito ambulatorio durante la pandemia y analizar los posibles factores relacionados con las barreras que presentan los profesionales para implementar de forma efectiva los servicios de telesalud. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal analítico. Se aplicó una encuesta electrónica a profesionales de salud de tres centros médicos de Colombia. Resultados: Se aplicaron 430 encuestas. La mediana de edad fue de 39 años y el 79 % fueron mujeres. El 57 % no habían sido capacitados en aspectos técnicos, normativos y éticos de la telesalud; el 46 % reportó dificultad para administrar el tiempo; el 81 % manifestó el aumento en su carga laboral. La dificultad para emplear las herramientas tecnológicas se asoció 4,67 veces más a la percepción de alteración de su propio estado de salud; sin embargo, el 92 % manifestó que seguiría usando la telesalud. Conclusiones: La actitud frente al uso de la telesalud fue positiva; el conocimiento, habilidades y entrenamiento en telesalud parece determinar su aceptabilidad. Esta es una primera evaluación que revela los puntos a trabajar en el caso de los profesionales, en función de la permanencia de la telesalud como herramienta para la atención de pacientes.